Essentially, a population of neurons is activated that undergoes persistent chemical and/or physical changes to become an engram the neurons reactivate the engram by cues available at the time of the experience. Memory is actually a continuous process between nerve cells. In the twentieth century, Richard Simon introduced the term вЂњengramвЂќ to describe the neural matrix used to store and recall memories. Without it, we are destined to enter the eternal present. Memory is the ability to use the past to serve the present or future. Many additional functions have been proposed for the CA1, including novelty detection, input comparison, and enrichment of hippocampal output, possibly by redistributing information from the CA3 to a larger number of output neurons. Human CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibit distinctive morphological complexities, which have important computational implications. The CA1 is composed of densely packed large pyramidal neurons that play an important role in long-term memory and related spatial tasks and behavior. The CA1 area, with its widespread projections, is a key output node of the hippocampal memory circuit, which transfers excitatory information out of the hippocampus proper via direct projections to deep layers of the EC or subiculum. The axon collateral branches of CA3 pyramidal cells form synapses with the apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells in other regions and spread throughout most of the region to form an associative network. One of the most prominent features of the CA3 is that there are extensive interconnections among the principal cells via the circulating collateral fiber system. The CA3 area is the largest in the hippocampus and forms the major route of information flow. This region generates new neurons that are integrated into brain circuits. The DG plays a key role in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. The granule cell layer encloses a cellular region and forms the third layer of the DG, which is called the polymorphic cell layer. The granule cell layer is the principal cell layer, which is largely composed of densely packed granule cells. The molecular layer mainly comprises dendrites of the dentate granule cells and the fibers of the perforant path that originate in the entorhinal cortex. The DG has three layers, including the molecular layer, granule cell layer, and polymorphic cell layer. There is a canonical trisynaptic pathway within the hippocampus, involving information proceeding from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the DG, then to the CA3, and finally to the output node CA1. Along the transverse axis, it can be further divided into the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG). The hippocampus is an elongated structure with a longitudinal axis extending in a C-shaped fashion, which can be functionally divided into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral parts. Cytoarchitecture and functional characteristics in the hippocampus With recent technological advances, causal investigations of specific neural circuits relating to the hippocampus and AlzheimerвЂ™s disease (AD) have helped us to understand the pathogenesis of AD and improve the clinical treatment of AD patients.Дў. We also discuss LIS1, Fos, SynCAM1, BDNF, Smad3, Oxytocin, and DISC1, factors that influence memory insofar as they relate to the development of memory and memory consolidation. Here, we discuss neural circuits and efferent or afferent fibers related to the hippocampus, including the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus, hippocampus to the prefrontal cortex, and vDBChATs-dNGIs. These discoveries stimulated researchers to study the types of memories related to the neural circuits of the hippocampus. Subsequently, our understanding of the neurophysiological bases of hippocampal function was greatly enhanced by two breakthroughs: Bliss and LomoвЂ™s finding of activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, and the discovery of hippocampal place cells and neurons that encoded the spatial position of an animal reported by OвЂ™Keefe and Dostrovsky. following bilateral temporal lobe resection, the hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobe structures have been extensively studied for their role in memory. Since the description by Scoville and Milner of profound anterograde amnesia in a patient known as H.M.

Hippocampus anatomy landmarks